Journal of Scientific and Technical Research
Issue 1, 2017
Original Articles
Abstract
According to the world drug report 2016 of United Nations Office on Drug and Crime, over 29 million people who use drugs are estimated to suffer from drug use disorders. It is estimated that 1 in 20 adults, or a quarter of a billion people between the ages of 15 and 64 years, used at least one drug in 2014. The estimated 207,400 drug-related deaths in 2014 is corresponding to 43.5 deaths per million people aged 15–64. The number of drug-related deaths worldwide has also remained stable, although unacceptable and preventable. The use of conventional antimicrobial agents against infections is always associated with problems such as the development of multiple drug resistance and adverse side effects. In addition, the inefficient traditional drug delivery system results in inadequate therapeutic index, low bioavailability of drugs, inefficient delivery of the drugs, causing systemic side effects, problems of poor uptake and destruction of drugs (when orally administered). One of the most dynamic research areas in the field of nanotechnology is nanomedicine and target drug delivery is one of the highly specific medical interventions for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Problems associated with conventional drug administration methods may potentially be overcome by these novel drug delivery methods. Researchers have been able to develop targeted and sustained drug delivery platforms harnessing unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles. Advances in research on biocompatible polymeric nanoparticles have enabled more efficient and safer delivery of drugs with improved pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics with reduced side effects. Total market size of nanotechnology in drug delivery in 2021 is forecasted to be US$136 billion. Trends also suggest that the number of nanotechnology products and workers worldwide will double every 3 years, achieving a US$3 trillion market with six million workers by 2020. Chitosan nanoparticles seem to be the most promising nanoparticle that can be used for developing multipurpose drug carrier platforms due to its biocompatibility, mucoadhesivity, non-toxicity and biodegradability. Despite of potential benefits of nanoparticles in target drug delivery, there are certain engineered nanomaterials which can lead to unforeseen environmental, health and safety risks. Therefore, adequate attention is needed from the beginning in order to ensure sustainable nanotechnology. This review article is focused on frontier research, toxicity evidence and patent filing trends in applications of chitosan nanoparticles with an emphasis on target drug delivery.
According to the world drug report 2016 of United Nations Office on Drug and Crime, over 29 million people who use drugs are estimated to suffer from drug use disorders. It is estimated that 1 in 20 adults, or a quarter of a billion people between the ages of 15 and 64 years, used at least one drug in 2014. The estimated 207,400 drug-related deaths in 2014 is corresponding to 43.5 deaths per million people aged 15–64. The number of drug-related deaths worldwide has also remained stable, although unacceptable and preventable. The use of conventional antimicrobial agents against infections is always associated with problems such as the development of multiple drug resistance and adverse side effects. In addition, the inefficient traditional drug delivery system results in inadequate therapeutic index, low bioavailability of drugs, inefficient delivery of the drugs, causing systemic side effects, problems of poor uptake and destruction of drugs (when orally administered). One of the most dynamic research areas in the field of nanotechnology is nanomedicine and target drug delivery is one of the highly specific medical interventions for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Problems associated with conventional drug administration methods may potentially be overcome by these novel drug delivery methods. Researchers have been able to develop targeted and sustained drug delivery platforms harnessing unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles. Advances in research on biocompatible polymeric nanoparticles have enabled more efficient and safer delivery of drugs with improved pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics with reduced side effects. Total market size of nanotechnology in drug delivery in 2021 is forecasted to be US$136 billion. Trends also suggest that the number of nanotechnology products and workers worldwide will double every 3 years, achieving a US$3 trillion market with six million workers by 2020. Chitosan nanoparticles seem to be the most promising nanoparticle that can be used for developing multipurpose drug carrier platforms due to its biocompatibility, mucoadhesivity, non-toxicity and biodegradability. Despite of potential benefits of nanoparticles in target drug delivery, there are certain engineered nanomaterials which can lead to unforeseen environmental, health and safety risks. Therefore, adequate attention is needed from the beginning in order to ensure sustainable nanotechnology. This review article is focused on frontier research, toxicity evidence and patent filing trends in applications of chitosan nanoparticles with an emphasis on target drug delivery.
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Abstract
Coconut trees are distributed throughout many parts of the world normally in Asia Pacific and Asian region. It grows primarily in tropical and coastal areas. Activated carbon was prepared by one step pyrolysis by treating with 0.1 M KOH of scoured coconut shell ball billed micro particles at 364 °C heat rate of 10 cm-1 in the nitrogen atmosphere for 0.15 h then washed with HCl. Iodine number was determined to all dried activated carbon samples. Powder activated carbon was characterized with SEM and proximate analysis. The copper plate was fabricated by using a thin film of Cu2O which is formed by boiling (5*10-3 M) solution of copper sulphate for 60 min. After a solid-state photovoltaic cell Cu/n-Cu2O/CAC/ITO were produced have CAC acts as the upper electrode of the solid state solar cells. It was formed that n-Cu2O/CAC contact forme schottky barrier junction to separate photo generated charge carriers, forming a solid-state photovoltaic device. UV Absorption spectra, FTIR spectra. V-I characteristics and photocurrent development with time were used to compare photovoltaic characteristics of solid state thin film solar cell from this work.
Coconut trees are distributed throughout many parts of the world normally in Asia Pacific and Asian region. It grows primarily in tropical and coastal areas. Activated carbon was prepared by one step pyrolysis by treating with 0.1 M KOH of scoured coconut shell ball billed micro particles at 364 °C heat rate of 10 cm-1 in the nitrogen atmosphere for 0.15 h then washed with HCl. Iodine number was determined to all dried activated carbon samples. Powder activated carbon was characterized with SEM and proximate analysis. The copper plate was fabricated by using a thin film of Cu2O which is formed by boiling (5*10-3 M) solution of copper sulphate for 60 min. After a solid-state photovoltaic cell Cu/n-Cu2O/CAC/ITO were produced have CAC acts as the upper electrode of the solid state solar cells. It was formed that n-Cu2O/CAC contact forme schottky barrier junction to separate photo generated charge carriers, forming a solid-state photovoltaic device. UV Absorption spectra, FTIR spectra. V-I characteristics and photocurrent development with time were used to compare photovoltaic characteristics of solid state thin film solar cell from this work.
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Abstract
Nowadays, new technologies try to generate more energy to satisfy the demand of electricity. Therefore, storage of generated energy is becoming a highly important task. It is well known that the supercapacitors and batteries play a major role in the field of energy storage. When considering those options for storage electricity, supercapacitors were able to replace most of the capabilities encompassed in batteries and conventional capacitors with high energy density and the power density. In this research article, fabricating a novel supercapacitor using local coconut shell charcoal was discussed. It was focused on improving its performances without using a binder compound while keeping the fabrication process simple and inexpensive. Activated carbon powder used to fabricate the supercapacitor in this research was made from local coconut shell charcoal which was activated using steam activation method. The electrodes were fabricated as an electrode slurry made of activated carbon powder mixed with potassium hydroxide (KOH). It is the supercapacitor was 137 F/g. Charge-discharge curve -1-1 and energy density which was a remarkable improvement for a supercapacitor fabricated without a binder compound.
Nowadays, new technologies try to generate more energy to satisfy the demand of electricity. Therefore, storage of generated energy is becoming a highly important task. It is well known that the supercapacitors and batteries play a major role in the field of energy storage. When considering those options for storage electricity, supercapacitors were able to replace most of the capabilities encompassed in batteries and conventional capacitors with high energy density and the power density. In this research article, fabricating a novel supercapacitor using local coconut shell charcoal was discussed. It was focused on improving its performances without using a binder compound while keeping the fabrication process simple and inexpensive. Activated carbon powder used to fabricate the supercapacitor in this research was made from local coconut shell charcoal which was activated using steam activation method. The electrodes were fabricated as an electrode slurry made of activated carbon powder mixed with potassium hydroxide (KOH). It is the supercapacitor was 137 F/g. Charge-discharge curve -1-1 and energy density which was a remarkable improvement for a supercapacitor fabricated without a binder compound.
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Abstract
We developed activated carbon from the Aegle marmelos fruit shell also known as Beli. Firstly, its carbonaceous process is done by a typical process. H 3 PO 4 treatment was used to activate the carbonaceous material. Activated material is characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscope and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface areas. Calculated BET surface area of the fabricated supercapacitor is 517 m 2 /g. Electrochemical characterization was carried out through cyclic voltammetry, charge / discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Highest specific capacitance of 59 F/g and energy density of 18.9 kw/h for highest specific capacitance was obtained from the charge discharge curve. Obtained serial resistance is 0.414 from equivalent circuit.
We developed activated carbon from the Aegle marmelos fruit shell also known as Beli. Firstly, its carbonaceous process is done by a typical process. H 3 PO 4 treatment was used to activate the carbonaceous material. Activated material is characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscope and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface areas. Calculated BET surface area of the fabricated supercapacitor is 517 m 2 /g. Electrochemical characterization was carried out through cyclic voltammetry, charge / discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Highest specific capacitance of 59 F/g and energy density of 18.9 kw/h for highest specific capacitance was obtained from the charge discharge curve. Obtained serial resistance is 0.414 from equivalent circuit.
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Abstract
Synthesis of nanoparticles has become a matter of great interest in recent years due to their so many functional properties and applications in the variety of the fields. Nanoparticle mediated control release fertilizer is one of the applications which has potential to enhance plant growth and yield while minimizing serious environmental impacts due to excessive use of conventional bulk fertilizers. Nevertheless, many of the research work carried out in relation to synthesis of nanoparticles have used synthetic constituents which are being considered as harmful to the human health and environment. Investigations have also indicated that certain engineered nanomaterials can lead to unforeseen environmental, health and safety risks. The aim of the present study was to produce biodegradable and biocompatible nanoparticles in an eco-friendly manner originated from locally available raw materials and natural excipients addressing the said risks which will ultimately lead to development of eco-friendly nano fertilizers to release nutrients gradually in a controlled manner. Chitosan, a natural biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, was synthesized from chitin which was extracted from exoskeleton of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon linn). A natural cross linker Genipin was extracted from the tender fruit of Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Linn). Chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized using Genipin (Fig. No. 1) as the cross-linking agent with ionotropic gelation method. Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis confirmed structure of the synthesized chitosan. Average size of the synthesized chitosan nanoparticles is 90 nm (Fig.2) which can be tuned by the controlling pH, dose of the cross linker and chitosan concentration. Innovative and promising results of this study will pave pathway to achieve green nanoparticles.
Synthesis of nanoparticles has become a matter of great interest in recent years due to their so many functional properties and applications in the variety of the fields. Nanoparticle mediated control release fertilizer is one of the applications which has potential to enhance plant growth and yield while minimizing serious environmental impacts due to excessive use of conventional bulk fertilizers. Nevertheless, many of the research work carried out in relation to synthesis of nanoparticles have used synthetic constituents which are being considered as harmful to the human health and environment. Investigations have also indicated that certain engineered nanomaterials can lead to unforeseen environmental, health and safety risks. The aim of the present study was to produce biodegradable and biocompatible nanoparticles in an eco-friendly manner originated from locally available raw materials and natural excipients addressing the said risks which will ultimately lead to development of eco-friendly nano fertilizers to release nutrients gradually in a controlled manner. Chitosan, a natural biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, was synthesized from chitin which was extracted from exoskeleton of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon linn). A natural cross linker Genipin was extracted from the tender fruit of Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Linn). Chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized using Genipin (Fig. No. 1) as the cross-linking agent with ionotropic gelation method. Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis confirmed structure of the synthesized chitosan. Average size of the synthesized chitosan nanoparticles is 90 nm (Fig.2) which can be tuned by the controlling pH, dose of the cross linker and chitosan concentration. Innovative and promising results of this study will pave pathway to achieve green nanoparticles.
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Abstract
Coconut shells are used for production of activated carbon. In this research, alkaline-bio scoured coconut shell powder was subjected to one step pyrolysis activation by using Phosphoric acid. The acid treated coconut shell particles were fed into a tube furnace with a heating rate of 10 oC min-1 until the temperature reached at 360 oC and dwell time 15 min in N2 atmosphere. Next, they were cooled in to room temperature. A thin film of n-Cu2O was fabricated by immersing a well cleaned copper sheet in a 10-3 M HCl solution for 60 h. CAC was placed on Cu/n-Cu2O substrate and ITO conductive glass plate was placed to fabricate Cu/n-Cu2O/CAC/ITO solid state photovoltaic cell. Here, CAC acts as an upper electrode, separate photo-generated charge carriers and enhance photocurrent. BET surface area analysis refuse reflectance spectra, photocurrent action spectra, time development of photocurrent and SEM morphology were used to analyze the prepared samples.
Coconut shells are used for production of activated carbon. In this research, alkaline-bio scoured coconut shell powder was subjected to one step pyrolysis activation by using Phosphoric acid. The acid treated coconut shell particles were fed into a tube furnace with a heating rate of 10 oC min-1 until the temperature reached at 360 oC and dwell time 15 min in N2 atmosphere. Next, they were cooled in to room temperature. A thin film of n-Cu2O was fabricated by immersing a well cleaned copper sheet in a 10-3 M HCl solution for 60 h. CAC was placed on Cu/n-Cu2O substrate and ITO conductive glass plate was placed to fabricate Cu/n-Cu2O/CAC/ITO solid state photovoltaic cell. Here, CAC acts as an upper electrode, separate photo-generated charge carriers and enhance photocurrent. BET surface area analysis refuse reflectance spectra, photocurrent action spectra, time development of photocurrent and SEM morphology were used to analyze the prepared samples.
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