Journal of Scientific and Technical Research
Issue 1, 2018
Original Articles
Abstract
One of the most immediate emerging trends is the use of 3D printing in the field of medicine and dentistry. 3D printing technology has the potential to be very beneficial to patients and doctors in terms of patient-specific individualized management. These inventive advances have been gradually advancing into medicinal gadgets, cutting down expenses in the social insurance industry and making it less demanding for patients to oversee interminable conditions. Dental research centers can create crowns, bridges, stone models, implants and different surgical, endodontic and orthodontic appliances by strategies that combine oral scanning, 3D printing, and CAD/CAM design. Current 3D printing has been utilized for the advancement of models for quite a while, and it has started to discover its utilization in the realm of manufacturing. This review is focussed around the advances in Additive Manufacturing and its developing applications in the field of Dentistry
One of the most immediate emerging trends is the use of 3D printing in the field of medicine and dentistry. 3D printing technology has the potential to be very beneficial to patients and doctors in terms of patient-specific individualized management. These inventive advances have been gradually advancing into medicinal gadgets, cutting down expenses in the social insurance industry and making it less demanding for patients to oversee interminable conditions. Dental research centers can create crowns, bridges, stone models, implants and different surgical, endodontic and orthodontic appliances by strategies that combine oral scanning, 3D printing, and CAD/CAM design. Current 3D printing has been utilized for the advancement of models for quite a while, and it has started to discover its utilization in the realm of manufacturing. This review is focussed around the advances in Additive Manufacturing and its developing applications in the field of Dentistry
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Abstract
Interaction in various imidazolium and piperidinium Ionic Liquids (ILs) as well as their strength has been discussed using NMR and IR spectroscopic techniques with strapping support from DFT calculation. Strong hydrogen bonding interaction in imidazolium/ piperidinium halide based ILs as compared to PF6, BF4 and NTf2 containing ILs has been explained well with the help of spectroscopy. Higher viscosity of bmimPF6 compared to bmimBF4 and bmimNTf2 has been elucidated due to strong interaction of C2-H with anion, observed in NMR and IR spectroscopy and has been sturdily supported by DFT calculated IR frequencies showing blue shift in C2-H stretching when moving from bmimPF6 to bmimNTf2. Further, a molecular level comparison of PIP14Br and bmimBr (PIP14Br=N-butyl-N-methylpiperidinium bromide, melting point (mp): 241°C and bmimBr = 1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium bromide, mp: 79°C) have pointed out that more number of strong classical hydrogen bonding interactions in the former is primarily responsible for much higher melting point. Hence significance variation in number and strength of H-bonding in ILs predominantly controls the physical property of the salt/ionic liquids
Interaction in various imidazolium and piperidinium Ionic Liquids (ILs) as well as their strength has been discussed using NMR and IR spectroscopic techniques with strapping support from DFT calculation. Strong hydrogen bonding interaction in imidazolium/ piperidinium halide based ILs as compared to PF6, BF4 and NTf2 containing ILs has been explained well with the help of spectroscopy. Higher viscosity of bmimPF6 compared to bmimBF4 and bmimNTf2 has been elucidated due to strong interaction of C2-H with anion, observed in NMR and IR spectroscopy and has been sturdily supported by DFT calculated IR frequencies showing blue shift in C2-H stretching when moving from bmimPF6 to bmimNTf2. Further, a molecular level comparison of PIP14Br and bmimBr (PIP14Br=N-butyl-N-methylpiperidinium bromide, melting point (mp): 241°C and bmimBr = 1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium bromide, mp: 79°C) have pointed out that more number of strong classical hydrogen bonding interactions in the former is primarily responsible for much higher melting point. Hence significance variation in number and strength of H-bonding in ILs predominantly controls the physical property of the salt/ionic liquids
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Abstract
Binary systems of an Aprotic Ionic Liquid (AIL), 8-hexyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene-8-iumhydroxide ([C6DBU]OH) and water were prepared at molar ratio, XAIL ranging from 0 to 1.0. Physicochemical properties of the pure and binary systems of the AIL have been studied in detail by viscosity, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering measurements and thermogravimetric analysis. The negative deviation of excess viscosity at XAIL < 0.4 indicated the formation of micelle like aggregation and the positive deviation of excess viscosity at XAIL > 0.4 indicated the formation of reverse micelle like aggregation due to the surfactant-like behavior of the long alkyl chain in [C6DBU]OH. The spectral and the particle size analyses show the presence of the confined water at XAIL > 0.4 in the cored structure of the reverse micellar aggregates. The variation of the microstructures in water-rich and ionic liquid (IL)-rich region significantly influenced the kinetics of Michael addition reaction between acetylacetone and 2-cyclohexene-1-one in absence of organic solvents while using [C6DBU]OH and its binary systems with water as catalysts. The reaction was studied by using thin layer chromatographic technique using aluminum plates coated with silica gel as the stationary phase and mixture of chloroform and n-hexane (1:1 by volume) as the eluent. The progress of the addition reaction was monitored by observing the development of spots in the chromatographic plate. The kinetic investigations in the presence of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene (DBU), NaOH, and a DBU based protic IL, [HDBU]OH have also been made and the catalytic performances have been compared. Finally, the role of the [C6DBU]OH and its binary systems with water as catalysts in the mechanism of the Michael addition reaction has been explained in terms of different molecular interactions.
Binary systems of an Aprotic Ionic Liquid (AIL), 8-hexyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene-8-iumhydroxide ([C6DBU]OH) and water were prepared at molar ratio, XAIL ranging from 0 to 1.0. Physicochemical properties of the pure and binary systems of the AIL have been studied in detail by viscosity, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering measurements and thermogravimetric analysis. The negative deviation of excess viscosity at XAIL < 0.4 indicated the formation of micelle like aggregation and the positive deviation of excess viscosity at XAIL > 0.4 indicated the formation of reverse micelle like aggregation due to the surfactant-like behavior of the long alkyl chain in [C6DBU]OH. The spectral and the particle size analyses show the presence of the confined water at XAIL > 0.4 in the cored structure of the reverse micellar aggregates. The variation of the microstructures in water-rich and ionic liquid (IL)-rich region significantly influenced the kinetics of Michael addition reaction between acetylacetone and 2-cyclohexene-1-one in absence of organic solvents while using [C6DBU]OH and its binary systems with water as catalysts. The reaction was studied by using thin layer chromatographic technique using aluminum plates coated with silica gel as the stationary phase and mixture of chloroform and n-hexane (1:1 by volume) as the eluent. The progress of the addition reaction was monitored by observing the development of spots in the chromatographic plate. The kinetic investigations in the presence of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene (DBU), NaOH, and a DBU based protic IL, [HDBU]OH have also been made and the catalytic performances have been compared. Finally, the role of the [C6DBU]OH and its binary systems with water as catalysts in the mechanism of the Michael addition reaction has been explained in terms of different molecular interactions.
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Abstract
The efficacy of DL-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenyl hydantoin on biotransformation of molasses to citric acid by fungal strains such as Aspergillus flavus NCIM-540, Aspergillus oxyzae NCIM - 553, Aspergillus niger NCIM - 501, Aspergillus foetidus NCIM - 937 and Aspergillus wentii NCIM-941 has been assessed. It has been observed that the fungal strain Aspergillus niger NCIM - 501 has been found most significant and effective for the citric acid fermentation process. It has been found that the compound, i.e. DL-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenyl hydantoin has stimulatory effect on production of citric acid by Aspergillus niger NCIM - 501 and enhances the yield of citric acid to an extent of 12.477% higher in comparison to control fermentor flasks, i.e., 7.989g/100 ml under the optimized conditions, viz. 30C temperature, 2.0 pH, 12 days of incubation period with 26% molasses solution
The efficacy of DL-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenyl hydantoin on biotransformation of molasses to citric acid by fungal strains such as Aspergillus flavus NCIM-540, Aspergillus oxyzae NCIM - 553, Aspergillus niger NCIM - 501, Aspergillus foetidus NCIM - 937 and Aspergillus wentii NCIM-941 has been assessed. It has been observed that the fungal strain Aspergillus niger NCIM - 501 has been found most significant and effective for the citric acid fermentation process. It has been found that the compound, i.e. DL-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenyl hydantoin has stimulatory effect on production of citric acid by Aspergillus niger NCIM - 501 and enhances the yield of citric acid to an extent of 12.477% higher in comparison to control fermentor flasks, i.e., 7.989g/100 ml under the optimized conditions, viz. 30C temperature, 2.0 pH, 12 days of incubation period with 26% molasses solution
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Abstract
This study was carried out in Maiduguri to isolate, characterize and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in broilers and village chickens faeces. Conventional microbiology culture, phenotypical characterization, and biochemical test were used. Three hundred (300) (150 each of broiler and village chickens) faecal samples were randomly collected from chickens brought to the Maiduguri Monday Market Chicken slaughterhouse. A total of 83 (27.7%) E. coli isolates were obtained comprising 36(24%) from broiler chickens and 47(31.3%) from village chickens. The E.coli positive isolates were then serotyped based on their somatic ‘O’ antigen using latex agglutination test for O157 STEC and dry spot polyvalent Sero-check for Non-O157 STEC. Total of 19 (12.7%) and 26 (17.3%) were O157 STEC; while 8(5.3%) and 9(6%) were non-O157 STEC for both broilers and village chickens respectively. The remaining E. coli isolates 9(6%) from broiler chickens, and 12(8%) from village chickens were untypable using the conventional sero kits. The result of the antimicrobial sensitivity test using Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute Guide revealed that the STEC isolates were susceptible to the antibiotics. With high susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin (100%), Ceftriaxone (98%) and Gentamicin (100%) and low susceptibility to Trimethoprim (79%), Chloramphenicol (66.6%) and resistant to cefodizime (73.1%) and Ampicillin (75%)
This study was carried out in Maiduguri to isolate, characterize and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in broilers and village chickens faeces. Conventional microbiology culture, phenotypical characterization, and biochemical test were used. Three hundred (300) (150 each of broiler and village chickens) faecal samples were randomly collected from chickens brought to the Maiduguri Monday Market Chicken slaughterhouse. A total of 83 (27.7%) E. coli isolates were obtained comprising 36(24%) from broiler chickens and 47(31.3%) from village chickens. The E.coli positive isolates were then serotyped based on their somatic ‘O’ antigen using latex agglutination test for O157 STEC and dry spot polyvalent Sero-check for Non-O157 STEC. Total of 19 (12.7%) and 26 (17.3%) were O157 STEC; while 8(5.3%) and 9(6%) were non-O157 STEC for both broilers and village chickens respectively. The remaining E. coli isolates 9(6%) from broiler chickens, and 12(8%) from village chickens were untypable using the conventional sero kits. The result of the antimicrobial sensitivity test using Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute Guide revealed that the STEC isolates were susceptible to the antibiotics. With high susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin (100%), Ceftriaxone (98%) and Gentamicin (100%) and low susceptibility to Trimethoprim (79%), Chloramphenicol (66.6%) and resistant to cefodizime (73.1%) and Ampicillin (75%)
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Abstract
Desalination of sea water using selectively permeable reverse osmosis membrane modules has emerged as a possible long term solution to the global problem of potable water shortage. These aromatic polyamide based modules have a useful working life of about 2-3 years and the spent membranes will have to be handled at the desalination plant site itself. An on-site incineration plant with advanced flue gas conditioning and immobilization provision has been proposed as the solution to this problem. The polymeric membrane modules will be completely converted to carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water vapour upon combustion, thereby significant reduction in solid waste volume will be attained. This work presents a simplified analysis to estimate the quantity of waste to be handled by the incinerator, material and energy balances for conceptual design of the incineration plant and its carbon dioxide capture system and addresses the associated techno-commercial feasibility aspects of such a facility. Energy recovery from the combustion chamber has also been considered in this study. The methodology presented here will be useful for quick sizing and feasibility study of an incineration plant for other kinds of solid wastes with known combustion characteristics as well.
Desalination of sea water using selectively permeable reverse osmosis membrane modules has emerged as a possible long term solution to the global problem of potable water shortage. These aromatic polyamide based modules have a useful working life of about 2-3 years and the spent membranes will have to be handled at the desalination plant site itself. An on-site incineration plant with advanced flue gas conditioning and immobilization provision has been proposed as the solution to this problem. The polymeric membrane modules will be completely converted to carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water vapour upon combustion, thereby significant reduction in solid waste volume will be attained. This work presents a simplified analysis to estimate the quantity of waste to be handled by the incinerator, material and energy balances for conceptual design of the incineration plant and its carbon dioxide capture system and addresses the associated techno-commercial feasibility aspects of such a facility. Energy recovery from the combustion chamber has also been considered in this study. The methodology presented here will be useful for quick sizing and feasibility study of an incineration plant for other kinds of solid wastes with known combustion characteristics as well.
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